Stem cell therapy is a rapidly advancing field of regenerative medicine that has shown promise in treating reproductive system diseases. Stem cells are unique in that they have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into specific tissues according to the surrounding environment and signals. Recent studies have applied stem cell therapy to treat premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and azoospermia, but data are not yet available as to whether this therapy shows enhanced therapeutic effects. M esenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one type of multipotent adult stem cells that have been used for the treatment of ovarian and uterine diseases, providing new approaches for the treatment of female infertility.